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good response of low range. and you can hear something more ??.believe it's? if would like to test how
to function please try to use good diode some of over 20A diode is best.



some time say,Kick Back diode called as stopping diode,this diode can be use
any kind of rectifier diode.voice coil is shown above as L1 and this inductance
produce small voltage when speaker cone is moving,just like same kind of SW( Standing Wave)in RF circuit
signal is
going back from voice coil of your speaker system.so sounding and Df are a little
bit down with normal sound.D2 is old technic with RF power circuit.same kind of
Basically Fujii Amplifier technic.kind of D2 is best to use as same valves of Power tube
connected wired diode and get miner distortion than without D2 diode.
Just try !!! connected one diode on screen grid.you can get sound good.



Diode 2: Many peroson believe direct heating Rectifier tube make different sound with tube amplifier.
5V4G and 5Y3 if using , each tube has different charactor ,sound is very different.
if your transformer has filament voltage please try to use Rectifier tube like a 5U4G
if you do not enough voltage for 5AR4 Plate is better for use.274B Golden Dragon is good when
I use the  Rectifier tube for power supply.274B Golden Dragon is sound very nice bass.
even 5V4G too.if you can get easy 274B Western Electric much better but very expensive.
Rectifier tube has 3/2 charactor into your Amplifier.

KT88 Single Ended what kind of OUT PUT Transformer need ?

In generally,KT88 SE 10 W means around 15 W(min)capability of Audio transformer
needed and power transformer is at least 170mA 420V from 360V for UL and Triode
connection or bigger.if would like to get more than 10W rms like a 15Wrms
at KT88 SE necesary 20W power output transformer.power transformer is around
250mA DC and Volatege is from 360V to 420V DC.impedance are form 2.5K to 3.5Kohm.
depend on connection mode.10W transformer means appx 8W rms max power.many Japanese
""hobbyst said 2 times out put power transformer use for single ended amplifier.""
and which is better with gap and without gap.with gap is very prety sound high range.
but with out gap is very low side are good.without gap transformer need some
compensation of high frequency range.with RC network etc.Valuve amplifier are depend
on Audio OUT PUT transformer.many people said "size of core".and should be use
Sandwich Wounded.
Most important thing:
If do you have good audio SE transformer with UL. please check frequency response with some
audio generator and AC mili meter.if did you get some ripple odd curve
on around from 40Khz to 60Khz frequency range means not good use for UL connection.
UL connection Amplifier will be oscilated some high frequency with all over NFB.
be carefull to use Single Ended Transformar.if transformar does not have a ripple and
ripple are over 100Khz. does not matter. but many audio transformar has ripple.be care full!!
even OPT-10S has ripple 40-60Khz zone.not good for UL penthode Amplifier with NFB.
most 2 type of Transformar .one of EI core general and EI with gap
U-808 ,XE-20S and many Tango's transformar are with gap and EI core.but some
Transformar like Harmmond transformar are general EI core.EI with gap and EI
with out Gap are just 2 different tone has.and many with out gap EI transformar
has some ripple on around 40Khz from 60Khz. Harmmond and Touei , noguchi transformar
has some ripple in high frequency range.what is meanning ? probably will be get
some oscilation with UL penthode when if used over all NFB.be carefull to use
with over all NFB.these are charactor of EI with out gap.but with out gap
transformar are very good low frequency response.many D.I.Y Transformar are almost
with out gap transformar. gap transformar is generaly good response on
high frequency range.James Transformar are material Japanese and Made in china.
many american and canadian Transformar are EI with out Gap .probably thay has
ripple at high frequency range.even some high cost europian transformar too.

many transformar type B and type A is Japanese Transformar I Knew and recommended
Tango,Hashimoto(Sansui)and Tamura.even some small transformar factory made too.
please see first frequency response of Transformar if did you get.it's not price
of transformar.some cheap transformar made good and sometime very famouse transformar
does not have good curve.meanning no use for Single Ende Transformar.be carefully
to use SE transformar.
one thing KT88/6550 Load Impedance is depend on high voltage low current
or high current low voltages.so 2 type of impedance.this is not only KT88/6550
valves low and depend on typical amplification mode like a Class A, Classs AB
etc. some one would like to use 2.5K so should be use high current and low voltgae
for plate.some one would like to use triode mode, should be use 3.5K or more
(like a 5K load)and voltages is high ,current is low.so G1 bias is high.thoes
things are depend on what kind of amplifier would like to build.

and size of Single Ended transformer is twice(or more)size of Push Pull
Transformer,so if 10W SE transformers core can make 20W push pull transformer.
small transformer never can get good low response depend on Material of core.

If do you have interesting more "study" for load impedance please see
study site like a please see it's**

Very good "Study" Site from "Valve Wizard from UK"
How can I use valve for Amplifier
How to use all about valves


How to caluclate Power and self Bias ?


ex) EL34 how to caluclate Power,distortion and Self bias



so how to caluclate EL34 ,bias and power.
first pluease seek EP-IP charactor curve where get from some data site
like Duncan,K7 site for valves.
just exsample is for EL34.B+ is 350V ,Ib=72mA .point of S is -26V passing 3.5K
load resistance .point A is Ec and 0V, S is point of bias and point of B is
-26V X 2 so -52V lower side.always need charactor curve for calclate
value of valves.we always decided to calclate proper value when start build up
an amplifier.any valves can use any load impedance but have to caluclate each
time. Peak power get when grid reach 26V peak.so RMS value is 26V/1.414= 18.4V rms
so you need 18.4V rms signal into control grid.cathode bias resistance is
Rc = 26V/72mA= 361 ohm. wattage is 1.8W , you have to seek some 5W resistance
for safty.many time use cathode resistance are 390 ohm and +B is around 360V.
when are you would like to work as EL34 triode connection.triode connection
means many time use load impedance is around 3.5K ohm.so you can caluclate
easy for penthode condition.but one thing very importat is audio transformer
is enough to use for Single Ended Amplifier.which do you have.









  Try again built up KT 88 single ended amplifier on 24th May 2004 this time use Tango MX-205 power transfomer.max rate is 210mA current capacity.and plate voltage are 320V.cathode resitance are 272ohms. 272 ohm slightly higher than normal.i selected this value for compatibilty of EL 34.so you never use EL 34 ,shuold be 150 ohm for cathode resistance for 6550 and KT 88 better. I got around 25V so current are some 90mA include G2 current. I never know 6550 and KT 88 are different charactor.sound like EL 34 but 6550 is just like a 6L6GC but more potencial. KT 88 's high frequency response are very nice and sound like a EL 34 .this time I took off 500K 18K and 0.1uF networks.and does not have over all NFB.only use UL connection.UL is some kind of NFB as you know about it. around -3dB NFB ,could be get on final stage.but slightly bright sound I got.so heve to give some over all negative feedback around from 3 - 6 dB for good
DF(3).Rf is
2.6K . OUT PUT Transformer are small economic model. OPT-10S USD $ 33 (Toei Trans Co Japan )  





 SRPP : 500K , 18K and 0.1uF network(u(mew)Drive is not necesary if you can get suffucient power from power tubes.so you can take off these components.Rf is need to adjust with AC dB meter respect with DF (damping factor ) of your speaker system..I guess 3 stages or 2stage p-k reguler amplifier are better for enough to get power.such as a triode -cathode follower and final stage is best choise of amplifier.and get powerful sound.even i got very powerfull sound. heater bias needed for SRPP stage for protect cathode of driver tubes . Choke coil is 5H 200mA .
Input capacitor are no exceed to 47uF 500V.so max is 47uF for 5U4G           for protect 5U4G rectifier tube.more than 47uF get damege of rectifier tubes. please see 5U4G spec.
some bypass condensor are MUSE condenser and Black Gate.and coupling are film capacitor and Vita Q in parallel.Vita-Q get more natural sound. sience 8th Mar 2004 from Japan.K.M
*this parts Update 26th Nov 2005 K.M*



This picture is EL34 and 6B4G (same like 2A3 but 6.3 filament direct heating valve)
on 26th Nov 2005
with switch +B 320V to +280V and filament voltege is trough rectifire bridge some condensor into filament or heater of EL34. same US Octal Base you can use both way indirect and direct heating tubes.
I got 4.5 W output when I used 6B4G Single Ended mode.sound like small 300B sound and very clear.felt
much power than EL34 SE .however half power of EL34 SE.
      6B4G and EL 34 Compatible Amplifier ( 6B4G and EL34 are same US(octal)BASE used)

Circuit diagram is next.




How about will you replace resistance in your an Amplifier

Do you know ? material of resistor change sound ?
actually we can use 2 type of film resistance for Audio circuit recently.

(A) Carbon film resistance



these are film carbon resistance
Charactor: sound is very clear low to high frequency and feel sound is clear and good
for pre-amplifier or flat amplifier.
famous resistance are "Allen & Bradley carbon solid resistance" "AMRG" "Rikenorm Riken RMG" "AMRS"
"Rikenorm Riken RMA" "Taiyo FTR" "Rikyu RD-25TJ" "Takman REX resistance" etc etc

(B) Metal film resistance


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